These are some of the medieval European coins I have. This isn't a collection with any particular purpose or direction
- just 50 or so odd coins that I have aquired. For this section I have included coins up to the year 1500, though most historians put the end
of the medieval at 1453 or the fall of Constantianople.
Historical Note: Herbert I of Maine, known as “Wakedog,” was a vigilant and aggressive ruler whose
constant conflicts with the Counts of Anjou shaped the political landscape of western France in the early 11th century.
Captured and imprisoned by Fulk Nerra between 1025 and 1026, Herbert lost territory but maintained his authority upon release.
His numismatic legacy is significant: between 1020 and 1030 he introduced a new denier type featuring his monogram
(HERBERTUS), a stylized assertion of comital identity. Despite this personal mark, the reverse inscription
SIGNVM DEI VIVI (“the symbol of the living God”) preserved the long‑standing connection between Maine’s coinage
and ecclesiastical authority. These deniers became the standard for the county for generations.
French Feudal State – Counts of Maine – Herbert I “Wakedog” (1015–1036)
Mint: Le Mans
Obverse: + COMES CENOMANNIS — Cross within circle, legend around Reverse: + SIGNVM DEI VIVI Date: ND (1015–1036), 1 Denier
French Feudal State – Bishopric of Clermont (1100–1150)
Details
Ruler
Image
French Feudal State – Bishopric of Clermont (1100–1150)
Mint: Clermont (modern Clermont‑Ferrand)
Obverse: SCA MARIA — Virgin Mary crowned, facing Reverse: + VRBS ARVERNA — Cross with clovers in the quarters, linked to the centre Date: ND (1100–1150), 1 Pfennig
Historical Note: The Bishopric of Clermont—today’s Clermont‑Ferrand—was both a spiritual and temporal
power in medieval France. Its bishops exercised secular authority and held the right to mint coinage, a privilege that
reinforced their influence across the region of Auvergne. The obverse inscription SCA MARIA (“Saint Mary”) reflects
the ecclesiastical identity of the issuing authority, while the reverse legend VRBS ARVERNA (“City of Auvergne”)
asserts jurisdiction over the wider region. Aimeric, bishop from 1111 to 1150, is the most likely issuing authority for
this type, which fits stylistically and chronologically within his long episcopate.
French Feudal State – Duke of Aquitaine / Count of Poitiers – William X (1127–1137)
Details
Ruler
Image
French Feudal State – Duke of Aquitaine / Count of Poitiers – William X (1127–1137)
Mint: Bordeaux
Obverse: + GLVILILMO — “William”; four small crosses arranged in a cross pattern, legend surrounding Reverse: + BVRDEGIIILA — “Bordeaux”; large central cross with surrounding legend Date: ND (1127–1137), 1 Denier
Historical Note: William X, sometimes called “the Saint,” was the last male Duke of Aquitaine of the
Ramnulfid line. Upon his death in 1137, his vast domains passed to his daughter Eleanor — the future Eleanor of Aquitaine —
whose inheritance reshaped the political map of medieval Europe. Eleanor continued issuing deniers in the style of her father,
and the Poitiers–Bordeaux coinage became a cornerstone of the Angevin monetary system after her marriage to Henry II of England.
French Feudal State – Viscountcy of Albi (1074–1250)
The Viscountcy of Albi, located in the Languedoc region of France, was ruled by the influential House of Trencavel,
who also held the viscounties of Carcassonne, Béziers, and Nîmes. The denier below is attributed to Bernard Aton IV
Trencavel (ruled 1074–1129) or one of his immediate successors. The obverse legend + IAMVIVMD is a degenerate
rendering of “BERNARDUS ATONUS,” reflecting the stylized and often corrupted legends typical of southern French
feudal coinage. The region had a significant Cathar presence, and the Trencavel viscounts were known for their
tolerance during a period of increasing religious tension.
Details
Ruler
Image
Viscountcy of Albi – Bernard Aton IV Trencavel (1074–1129) or Successor
Mint: Albi
Obverse: + IAMVIVMD — Tapered cross; degenerate legend Reverse: AM‑MECI — V beneath a crozier between two I’s; degenerate legend Date: ND (c. 1127–1137), 1 Denier
Historical Note: The Trencavel dynasty played a central role in the political and cultural life of
Languedoc. Their coinage reflects both regional identity and the artistic tendencies of southern French mints, where
legends frequently became stylized or corrupted over generations of copying. The ambiguous reverse design—possibly a
crozier, possibly a symbolic monogram—remains debated among numismatists, highlighting the interpretive challenges of
medieval feudal issues.
French Feudal State – Comtes d’Angoulême et de la Marche (1180–1220)
The counts of Angoulême and La Marche issued deniers with an immobilized legend honoring the long‑dead Carolingian king
Louis IV (936–954). The reverse inscription EGOLISSIME is a medieval form of “Angoulême.” By striking coins in the
name of Louis IV, the counts emphasized that their minting rights were ancient and legitimate, rooted in royal authority
rather than recent usurpation. The obverse design reflects ecclesiastical influence, while the reverse motif of five circles
(one containing a crescent and cross) may symbolize the Five Wounds of Christ or simply represent a stylized cross, as
engravers often worked with limited artistic precision.
Details
Ruler
Image
Comtes d’Angoulême et de la Marche – Anonymous Issue (c. 1180–1220)
Mint: Angoulême / Chabanals
Obverse: + LODOICVS — “Louis”; cross Reverse: EGOLISSIME — “Angoulême”; cross cantoned with three rings and a crescent Date: ND (c. 1180–1220), 1 Denier
Comtes d’Angoulême et de la Marche – Anonymous Issue (c. 1180–1220)
Mint: Angoulême / Chabanals
Obverse: + LODOICVS — “Louis”; cross Reverse: EGOLISSIME — “Angoulême”; cross cantoned with three rings and a crescent Date: ND (c. 1180–1220), 1 Denier
Reference:
Poey d’Avant 2662
Dy F# 944 Numista 47723
French Feudal State – Abbey of Saint‑Martial (1106–1245)
The Abbey of Saint‑Martial in Limoges was a major monastic and cultural center in medieval France. While many French abbeys
minted coins, those of Saint‑Martial are distinctive because they were issued under the direct authority of the abbot rather
than a bishop or secular lord. The obverse legend SES • MARCIAL invokes Saint Martial, the abbey’s revered patron, while
the reverse inscription LEMOVICENSIS refers to the city of Limoges itself. These unusual legends reflect both local
devotion and the abbey’s assertion of independent minting rights.
Details
Ruler
Image
Abbey of Saint‑Martial – Anonymous Issue (1106–1245)
Mint: Limoges
Obverse: SES • MARCIAL — Bearded portrait of Saint Martial in an inner circle; legend beginning at 19h Reverse: + LEMOVICENSIS — Cross with four pairs of dots within an inner circle; legend around Date: ND (1106–1245), 1 Denier
Historical Note: Saint‑Martial’s coinage stands apart from most ecclesiastical issues in France because
it reflects the abbey’s unique autonomy. The portrait of Saint Martial emphasizes the abbey’s spiritual authority, while
the reverse legend ties the issue directly to Limoges. These deniers circulated widely in the Limousin region and testify
to the abbey’s economic and religious influence during the High Middle Ages.
French Feudal State – Viscounts of Béarn (Lord of Forcas) (c. 1080–1250)
The Viscounts of Béarn ruled a semi‑independent lordship in the Pyrenees region of southwestern France. Their authority grew
over the centuries, and Béarn eventually functioned as an autonomous principality before being absorbed into the Kingdom of
France. The inscription ONOR FORCAS on Béarnese coinage does not refer to a person; it proclaims the viscount’s
right of the gallows — the authority to administer high and medium justice. This was one of the most important
feudal privileges, symbolizing a lord’s power over life and death within his domain.
The obverse legend CENTVLLO COM abbreviates “Centullo Comes,” referring originally to Centule V of Béarn (d. 1090), a
powerful viscount who greatly expanded Béarn’s autonomy. The inscription became “immobilized,” remaining unchanged for
generations even when later rulers bore different names. This continuity emphasized the antiquity and legitimacy of Béarn’s
minting rights.
Details
Ruler
Image
Viscounts of Béarn – Immobilized Issue (c. 1080–1250)
Mint: Morlaàs
Obverse: CENTVLLO COM — Cross with a pellet in two angles Reverse: PAX ONOR FORCAS — “Peace; Right of the Gallows”; PA+ framing a triangle Date: ND (c. 1080–1250), 1 Denier
Historical Note: Béarn’s coinage is among the most distinctive of medieval France. The repeated use of
Centule V’s name long after his death reflects the viscounts’ desire to emphasize continuity and legitimacy. The bold
invocation of judicial authority on the reverse — ONOR FORCAS — is unique in European numismatics and underscores
the remarkable autonomy Béarn enjoyed during the High Middle Ages.
French Feudal State – Saint‑Martin de Tours (12th–early 13th centuries)
The deniers minted at Saint‑Martin de Tours formed part of the broader feudal coinage system of medieval France. These coins
typically feature the distinctive château tournois — a stylized castle design that evolved from the hexastyle temple
motif seen on the coinage of Louis the Pious around 800. The obverse legend SCS MARTINVS invokes Saint Martin, the
abbey’s patron and one of the most venerated saints in medieval France.
The abbey’s right to mint coins symbolized its considerable autonomy and influence in the region of Touraine. This privilege
ended in 1204 when King Philip II Augustus incorporated Touraine into the royal domain, bringing its mints under direct royal
control. During the earlier Abbatial Period, the powerful counts of Blois and Anjou often served as lay‑abbots, exercising
economic and military authority — including control of the mint — while clerical abbots oversaw spiritual matters. This
arrangement reflects the complex interplay between secular and ecclesiastical power in medieval France.
Details
Ruler
Image
Saint‑Martin de Tours – Anonymous Issue (12th–early 13th centuries)
Mint: Tours
Obverse: + SCS MARTINVS — Château tournois design, derived from the hexastyle temple motif Reverse: + TVRONVS CIVI — Cross pattée within a circle Date: ND (12th–early 13th centuries), 1 Denier Tournois
French Feudal State – Brittany – John I (1237–1286)
The denier of John I, Duke of Brittany, is among the earliest Breton coins to display the new heraldic arms of the House of
Dreux. John I, known as “John the Red,” introduced the ermine‑patterned shield that would become the enduring emblem of
Brittany. A prominent crusader and close advisor to King Louis IX of France, John I strengthened both the political and
symbolic identity of the duchy through his coinage.
Details
Ruler
Image
Brittany – John I “the Red” (1237–1286)
Mint: Rennes
Obverse: + B RIT ANI E — “of Brittany”; triangular Dreux shield with ermine quarter Reverse: + IOHANNES DUX — “John, duke”; cross pattée Date: ND (1237–1286), Denier
Historical Note: John I’s adoption of the ermine shield on his coinage marked a turning point in
Breton heraldry. The Dreux arms became inseparable from the identity of Brittany, appearing on seals, banners, and
coinage for centuries. His reign also coincided with the consolidation of ducal authority and closer ties to the French
crown, reinforced through his participation in the Crusades and his service to Louis IX.
French Feudal State – Archbishopric of Lyon (1150–1250)
The legend PRIMA SEDES proclaims Lyon as the “First See of Gaul.” This reflects the longstanding tradition that
Christianity first took root in France at Lugdunum (Lyon), giving the Archbishop of Lyon primatial authority over the other
bishops of the region. The coins of this period feature a large cruciform “L,” representing Lugdunum, the Latin name
for Lyon. The cross at the top of the letter emphasizes the ecclesiastical authority of the archbishop. The surrounding
legend, + PRIMA SEDES, reinforces Lyon’s claim to primacy.
Details
Ruler
Image
Archbishopric of Lyon – Anonymous Issue (1150–1250)
Mint: Lyon
Obverse: PRIMA SEDES — “First See”; large cruciform L Reverse: + GALLIAR.V — “of the Gauls” Date: ND (1150–1250), 1/2 Denier
Historical Note: Lyon’s claim to primacy dates back to late antiquity, when the city was the
administrative and religious center of Roman Gaul. The cruciform L on these coins is one of the most distinctive
ecclesiastical symbols in French feudal numismatics, combining civic identity with spiritual authority. These small
half‑deniers circulated widely throughout the Rhône valley and helped reinforce the archbishop’s temporal influence.
Archbishopric of Lyon – Anonymous Issue (1150–1250)
Mint: Lyon
Obverse: PRIMA SEDES — “First See”; large cruciform L Reverse: + GALLIAR.V — “of the Gauls” Date: ND (1150–1250), 1/2 Denier
Historical Note: This second example follows the same immobilized design used for roughly a century.
The consistency of the type reflects both the archbishopric’s stable authority and the strong regional identity of Lyon’s
coinage. The cruciform L remained one of the most recognizable symbols of ecclesiastical minting in medieval France.
France – Charles VI
Details
Ruler
Image
France – Charles VI (1417–1420)
Mint: Tournai
Obverse: + KAROLVS FRANCORV REX — Three fleurs‑de‑lis (2‑and‑1) beneath a wreath Reverse: + SIT NOME: DNI: BENEDICTV — Cross fleurdelisée; crowns in quarters 2 and 3 Date: ND (1417–1420), Gros
Historical Note: This gros was struck during the turbulent later years of Charles VI’s reign, a period
marked by civil war between the Armagnacs and Burgundians and the ongoing pressures of the Hundred Years’ War. Despite the
political instability, the Tournai mint continued to produce high‑quality royal coinage featuring the traditional fleurs‑de‑lis
and religious inscriptions affirming divine blessing on the French monarchy.
Belgium – Gaucher V of Châtillon
Details
Ruler
Image
Lordship of Florennes – Gaucher V of Châtillon (1313–1322)
Mint: Yve / Yves
Obverse: + GALCHS COMES PORC — Crowned bust facing within beaded inner circle Reverse: + MONET NOVA YVE — Long cross dividing beaded inner circle and legend Date: ND (1313–1322), Penny
Historical Note: Gaucher V of Châtillon served as Constable of France and held the Lordship of
Florennes in the early 14th century. His coinage reflects both French feudal influence and the distinctive regional
traditions of the Low Countries. The crowned bust and long cross are typical of northern European pennies of the period,
while the legends emphasize his comital authority and the introduction of a “new money” at the Yve mint.
Italian State – Genoa (Republic) (1139–1339)
The term grosso simply means “large” and was applied to the new, heavier silver coins that began appearing across Europe
in the 13th century, replacing the smaller denaro. Genoa first minted the grosso around 1172, marking a major step forward from
earlier coinage. During the period of the Genoese Commune (1139–1339), these coins became a symbol of the republic’s growing
commercial and political power.
The obverse legend IANVA derives from the Latin word for “door,” the origin of the name Genoa, and is represented by the
gate motif on the coin. The reverse inscription CVNRADI REX (“King Conrad”) refers to Conrad III, who died in 1152. This
is an example of immobilized coinage: Genoa continued to use the name of a long‑dead emperor to acknowledge an ancient legal
grant of minting rights while simultaneously asserting its practical independence from the Holy Roman Empire. It was a clever
balance of legal deference and republican autonomy.
Details
Ruler
Image
Genoa (Republic) – Anonymous Issue (1236–1324)
Mint: Genoa
Obverse: + I A N V A — Gate within dotted circle Reverse: CVNRADI . REX — Cross pattée within cabled circle Date: ND (1236–1324), 1 Grosso
Historical Note: Genoa’s grosso circulated widely throughout the Mediterranean, reflecting the
republic’s dominance in maritime trade. The immobilized design remained stable for nearly two centuries, a testament to
the enduring political identity of the Genoese Commune and its careful balance between imperial tradition and republican
independence.
Italian State – Milan – Galeazzo II Visconti & Barnabò Visconti (1355–1378)
Galeazzo II Visconti and Barnabò Visconti were brothers who ruled Milan jointly from 1355 to 1378. Although their territories
were divided, they exercised shared authority — an unusual arrangement for the period. Their coinage reflects the growing
power of the Visconti dynasty, which would dominate Milanese politics for generations.
Details
Ruler
Image
Milan – Galeazzo II & Barnabò Visconti (1355–1378)
Mint: Milan
Obverse: B G VICECOMITES — “The Visconti Brothers” Reverse: MEDIOLANUM — “Milan” Date: ND (1355–1378), Mezzo Soldo
Historical Note: The Visconti family transformed Milan into one of the most powerful states in northern
Italy. The joint rule of Galeazzo II and Barnabò marked a period of territorial expansion, architectural development, and
increasing political ambition. Their coinage, often simple and direct in design, emphasized the authority of the Visconti
name and the central importance of Milan (Mediolanum) within their dominion.
Frankish Greece – Charles II de Anjou (1285–1289)
Charles II of Anjou, known as “Charles the Lame,” became King of Naples under extraordinary circumstances. Captured in 1284
during a naval battle near Naples by the Aragonese admiral Roger of Lauria, he inherited the throne the following year upon
the death of his father, Charles I — while still a prisoner of war. His release required a complex diplomatic effort involving
Edward I of England and Pope Nicholas IV, and the terms were severe: Charles had to renounce his claim to Sicily, pay a ransom
of 50,000 marks, and leave three of his sons and sixty Provençal nobles as hostages in Barcelona.
As Prince of Achaea, Charles II issued billon denier tournois coins at the Clarentza mint between 1285 and 1289. These coins
continued the long tradition of the tournois type, featuring the characteristic cross and château design derived from the
hexastyle temple motif of earlier Carolingian coinage.
Details
Ruler
Image
Charles II de Anjou – Prince of Achaea (1285–1289)
Mint: Clarentza
Obverse: + : DE CLARENTIA — Cross pattée within circle Reverse: + . K . R . PRINC’ ACh — Château / tour design derived from the hexastyle temple motif Date: ND (1285–1289), Denier Tournois
Reference:
Tzamalis KA 101
Metcalf, Crusades 942 Numista 125574
Historical Note: The Clarentza mint was the principal mint of the Principality of Achaea, producing
large quantities of deniers tournois that circulated widely throughout Frankish Greece. Charles II’s issues are part of
the final flourishing of this coinage before political fragmentation and economic decline reduced the output of the
principality’s mints.
Frankish Greece – Philip II of Taranto (1285–1289)
Philip II of Taranto was a prominent member of the Angevin dynasty in the 14th century. The son of Philip I of Taranto and
Catherine of Valois, he held numerous titles during his lifetime, including Prince of Achaea, Prince of Taranto, and titular
Emperor of Constantinople (as Philip III). He married twice — first to Maria of Calabria, and later to Elizabeth of Slavonia —
but all of his legitimate children died young. With no surviving heirs, his nephew James of Baux succeeded him upon his death
in 1373.
Philip’s coinage was struck at the mint of Clarentza (Clarenza), the principal mint of the Principality of Achaea. These
deniers tournois continued the long‑established tournois tradition, featuring the characteristic cross and château design
that had become emblematic of Frankish Greece.
Details
Ruler
Image
Philip II of Taranto – Prince of Achaea (1285–1289)
Mint: Lepanto
Obverse: + PHS. P. ACh TAR. — Cross pattée within circle Reverse: + NEPANTI CIVIS — Château tournois (stylized castle) Date: ND (1285–1289), Denier Tournois
Historical Note: The Lepanto mint served as one of the key mints of Frankish Greece during the late
13th century. Philip II’s issues reflect both Angevin influence and the enduring popularity of the tournois type, which
circulated widely across the Peloponnese and beyond. These coins represent the final flourishing of Achaean minting before
the principality entered a period of political decline.
Frankish Greece – Despotate of Epirus (1307–1313)
During this period, the Despotate of Epirus was claimed by Philip I of Taranto of the Angevin dynasty. His claim came through
his marriage to Thamar Angelina Komnene, daughter of the previous despot. Although Philip asserted authority over Epirus, his
rule was contested and ultimately short‑lived. At the same time, he also ruled the Principality of Achaea, giving him a major
political presence in Frankish Greece.
Details
Ruler
Image
Philip I of Taranto – Despot of Epirus (1307–1313)
Mint: Lepanto
Obverse: + PhS P TAR DESP — Cross pattée within circle; crescent in one quadrant Reverse: + NEPANTI CIVIS — Château tournois (stylized castle) Date: ND (1307–1313), Denier
Historical Note: These “Epirus‑style” deniers were struck at the Lepanto mint and reflect Philip’s
contested authority in the region. The combination of Angevin titulature and traditional tournois iconography shows the
blending of Western feudal and Byzantine‑influenced local traditions. Despite Philip’s brief control, these coins circulated
widely in western Greece during the early 14th century.
Frankish Greece – Principality of Achaea (1163–1201)
The Principality of Achaea, founded after the Fourth Crusade (c. 1205), became the most successful and longest‑lasting of the
Frankish states in Greece. The prince was nominally a vassal of the Latin Emperor of Constantinople. When Constantinople fell
back to the Byzantines in 1261, that overlordship became meaningless — yet the princes continued to style themselves as if
they still owed allegiance to an emperor who no longer existed.
Over time, the principality passed through inheritance and marriage into the hands of foreign dynasties, including the
Angevins of Naples and later the Navarrese Company. As a result, a soldier in the Peloponnese might find himself fighting for
a French prince who answered to a king in Naples, who in turn claimed to be a crusader overlord of Greece. This complex
political web is reflected in the coinage of the period.
Details
Ruler
Image
Guillaume II de la Roche – Duke of Athens (1287–1308)
Mint: Thebes
Obverse: + GVE DVX ATENES — Cross pattée within circle; crescent in one quadrant Reverse: + THEB AHI CIVIS — Château tournois (stylized castle) Date: ND (1287–1308), Denier
Historical Note: Guillaume II de la Roche ruled as Duke of Athens, a state closely tied to the
Principality of Achaea. His coinage from Thebes follows the traditional tournois pattern used throughout Frankish Greece,
combining Western feudal heraldry with local minting traditions. These deniers circulated widely across the Peloponnese
and central Greece during the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
Isabelle of Villehardouin – Princess of Achaea (1297–1300)
Mint: Glarentza (Clarentza)
Obverse: + YSABELLA. P. ACh — Cross pattée within circle; crescent in one quadrant Reverse: DE CLARENCIA — Château tournois (stylized castle) Date: ND (1297–1300), Denier
Historical Note: Isabelle of Villehardouin was the last sovereign Villehardouin ruler of Achaea. Her
brief reign and marriage alliances played a major role in transferring the principality into Angevin hands. Her deniers
from Glarentza follow the traditional tournois pattern used throughout Frankish Greece.
Catalan Colonies – Duchy of Athens (1163–1201)
Details
Ruler
Image
Guillaume I de la Roche – Duke of Athens (1280–1287)
Mint: Thebes
Obverse: + G: DVX: ATENES: — Cross pattée within circle; crescent in one quadrant Reverse: + ThEBE: CIVIS: — Château tournois (stylized castle) Date: ND (1280–1287), Denier
Historical Note: Guillaume I de la Roche ruled the Duchy of Athens shortly before the Catalan
Company seized control of the region. His coinage continues the familiar tournois style used throughout Frankish Greece,
reflecting the strong political and economic ties between Athens and the Principality of Achaea.
Principality of Antioch – Bohemond III (1163–1201)
Bohemond III of Antioch, nicknamed “the Stammerer,” ruled from 1163 to 1201 — one of the longest reigns of any crusader
prince. His principality became a political and religious battleground where Latin, Greek, and Armenian factions competed
for influence. His family ties to the Armenian kingdom through his son Raymond’s marriage to Alice of Armenia triggered a
decades‑long succession struggle between Armenian‑backed heirs and other branches of the Bohemondine line.
Bohemond’s relationship with the Latin Church was equally turbulent. He was excommunicated in 1181, partly for tolerating
the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Antioch and partly due to his controversial marital history. Despite the internal turmoil,
his reign produced one of the most iconic crusader coinages: the helmeted bust denier. Struck in vast quantities at Antioch
on the Orontes (modern Antakya, Turkey), these coins remained in circulation long after his death.
Details
Ruler
Image
Bohemond III – Prince of Antioch (1163–1201)
Mint: Antioch on the Orontes
Obverse: + BOANUDHUS — Bust left wearing Norman helmet with cross pattée and nasal guard;
crescent left, star right Reverse: + ANTOCNIA — Cross pattée within circle; crescent in upper‑right quadrant Date: ND (1163–1201), Denier
Historical Note: Bohemond’s helmeted bust deniers are the most recognizable and widely circulated
crusader coins. Their distinctive military portrait and simple cross reverse made them a regional standard, copied by
neighbouring states and imitated long after his reign.
Holy Roman Empire – County of Dortmund (1056–1106)
Dortmund was an important imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire. The reverse legend +VVIDOVICVS IMP refers to
“Ludovicus Imperator,” a retrospective invocation of Emperor Louis the Pious (814–840). Although the coin names Louis, it
was issued under Heinrich IV, whose long and turbulent reign saw conflicts with the papacy, German princes, and urban
communes. The obverse legend +THROT MANNE identifies Dortmund itself.
Details
Ruler
Image
County of Dortmund – Heinrich IV (1056–1106)
Mint: Dortmund
Obverse: +THROT MANNE — Crowned bust facing between spear and star; legend around Reverse: +VVIDOVICVS IMP — Cross with four stars in quarters; legend around Date: ND (1056–1106), Pfennig
Historical Note: The reverse legend is a corrupted form of +HLVDOVVICVS IMP, the standard
inscription on deniers of Louis the Pious. Its survival on Dortmund issues centuries later reflects the enduring prestige
of Carolingian imperial coinage and the desire of local authorities to associate their minting rights with ancient
imperial legitimacy.
Holy Roman Empire – Archbishopric of Vienne (1150–1250)
The Archbishopric of Vienne became a direct vassal of the Holy Roman Empire around 1032, when the Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles)
was absorbed into the Empire under Conrad II. The archbishops, already powerful landholders, were granted Imperial immediacy,
making them Princes of the Empire and independent of local counts. Their status was strengthened by privileges issued by
Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in the 12th century.
By the 14th century, French influence increasingly overshadowed Imperial authority in the region. The Archbishopric was
formally annexed by France in 1450 under an agreement between King Charles VII and Emperor Frederick III. The legend
MAXIMA GALL (“Great Gaul”) on the coinage reflects this growing orientation toward France rather than the Empire.
Details
Ruler
Image
Archbishopric of Vienne – Anonymous Issue (1150–1250)
Mint: Vienne
Obverse: + S. M. VIENNA — Bearded head of Saint Mauritius facing left Reverse: MAXIMA GALL — Cross with four pellets in the angles Date: ND (1150–1250), Denier
Reference:
Poey d'Avant 4826
Dy F# 2381 Numista 42865
Historical Note: Saint Mauritius, the patron of Vienne, appears frequently on the city’s medieval
coinage. The reverse inscription MAXIMA GALL is unusual for an Imperial principality and reflects Vienne’s
increasing cultural and political alignment with France long before its formal annexation.
Holy Roman Empire – Hungary – Sigismund of Luxembourg (1295–1312)
The obverse crown adorned with lilies reflects Sigismund’s authority as King of the Romans, a title he held before becoming
Holy Roman Emperor. The fleur‑de‑lis, although associated with French royalty, was widely used in imperial heraldry to
signify legitimacy and divine sanction. The reverse features a patriarchal cross, a symbol strongly tied to the Holy Roman
Empire and to Sigismund’s role as its ruler from 1433 until his death in 1437.
Details
Ruler
Image
Sigismund of Luxembourg – King of Hungary (1387–1437)
Historical Note: Sigismund’s long reign over Hungary formed the foundation of his later rise to
Holy Roman Emperor. His Hungarian coinage often blended local motifs with imperial symbolism, reflecting his ambition to
unify Central Europe under Luxembourg authority.
England – Henry II (1154–1189)
Henry II inherited a chaotic and debased coinage from the reign of Stephen. The Anarchy (1135–1154) had produced a flood of
irregular local issues, often of poor silver and struck at unofficial mints. Henry’s first reform produced the “Tealby” type,
a crude but stabilizing coinage. His second reform in 1180 introduced a much finer, standardized penny that became the model
for English coinage for nearly a century, continuing through the reigns of Richard I, John, and into that of Henry III.
Details
Ruler
Image
Henry II – Penny (Class 1b), York Mint (1180–1189)
Mint: York
Obverse: +hENRICVS REX — Crowned facing bust with sceptre Reverse: + HVNFREI ON EVER — “Hunfreid of York”; long voided cross with trefoils of pellets Date: ND (1180–1189), Penny
Historical Note: The 1180 reform introduced a uniform portrait and reverse type across the kingdom.
The York issues of moneyer Hunfreid are among the best‑struck of the early classes and illustrate the improved quality
that defined Henry II’s monetary system.
England – John (1199–1216)
King John, remembered for being forced to accept Magna Carta in 1215, is one of the most famous English medieval monarchs.
His reign also forms the backdrop for the Robin Hood legends, where he is often cast as the villain. John continued the
short‑cross penny coinage introduced under his father, Henry II, and the obverse legend still reads hENRICVS REX,
a convention that remained unchanged until the long‑cross reform of 1247.
Details
Ruler
Image
John – Penny (Class 6a), London Mint (1210–1213)
Mint: London
Obverse: +hENRICVS REX — Crowned facing bust with sceptre Reverse: + RAUF ON LUN — “Rauf of London”; long voided cross with trefoils of pellets Date: ND (1210–1213), Penny
Historical Note: Although the obverse legend still names Henry, stylistic features such as the
portrait, lettering, and moneyer signatures allow precise classification of John’s short‑cross pennies. Class 6a is
among the later issues of his reign, struck shortly before the turmoil surrounding Magna Carta.
England – Henry III (1216–1272)
Henry III was the first English king in over two centuries to issue a gold coin — the celebrated gold penny. This example,
however, is a silver penny struck under the moneyer William of Canterbury. William was active during the transition from the
Short Cross to the Long Cross coinage, and his name appears on both series. Henry’s reign saw the definitive 1225 version of
Magna Carta and the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style, two of the most enduring legacies of medieval England.
Details
Ruler
Image
Henry III – Penny (Class 5b2), London Mint (1216–1247)
Mint: London
Obverse: +hENRICVS REX III — Crowned facing bust with sceptre Reverse: + TERRI ON LVND — “Ilger of London”; long voided cross with trefoils Date: ND (1216–1247), Penny
Reference:
Group 5b2; Sp# 1356a; North# 997/8 Numista 322520
Historical Note: Class 5b2 pennies show the maturing portrait style of the late Short Cross series,
with more refined lettering and improved die engraving.
Henry III – Penny (Class IIIa), London Mint (1248–1249)
Mint: London
Obverse: +hENRICVS REX III — Crowned facing bust with sceptre Reverse: + HENRI ON LVNDE — “Henry of London”; long voided cross with trefoils Date: ND (1248–1249), Penny
Historical Note: This issue belongs to the early Long Cross coinage, introduced to combat clipping by
extending the cross to the edge of the flan.
Henry III – Penny (Class 5b2), Canterbury Mint (1216–1272)
Mint: Canterbury
Obverse: +hENRICVS REX III — Crowned facing bust with sceptre Reverse: /WIL/LEM/ONC/ANT/ — “William of Canterbury”; long voided cross with trefoils Date: ND (1216–1272), Penny
Reference:
Group 5b2; Sp# 1368; North# 992 Numista 52364
Historical Note: William of Canterbury was one of the most prolific moneyers of Henry III’s reign,
active across multiple classes of the Short Cross series.
England – Edward I (1272–1307)
The first long cross penny was introduced by Henry III in 1247, but when Edward I came to the throne the English currency was
still in crisis. The old short‑cross pennies had circulated for decades and were heavily clipped, reducing their silver
content and undermining trade. Edward’s Great Recoinage of 1279 replaced all earlier issues with a new, standardized long
cross coinage featuring a revised portrait and consistent legends. New mints were opened across the country to meet the
unprecedented demand. Edward’s pennies became the standard currency for the next two centuries and inspired numerous
continental imitations.
Obverse: EDWA R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — Long cross pattée with trefoils Denomination: Halfpenny Date: ND
Reference:
Class 11; Sp# 1455; North# 1060 Numista 325289
Historical Note: Edwardian halfpennies were struck on small flans but maintained the same portrait
and reverse style as the pennies, ensuring consistency across denominations.
Edward I – Penny (Class 3d), London Mint (1280–1281)
Mint: London
Obverse: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — Long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1280–1281), Penny
Reference:
Class 3d; Sp# 1390; North# 1019 Numista 52366
Historical Note: Class 3d is an early issue of Edward’s recoinage, showing the crisp new portrait
style and improved die engraving that defined the 1279 reform.
Edward I – Penny (Class 3g), London Mint (1280–1281)
Mint: London
Obverse: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — Long cross pattée with trefoils of pellets Date: ND (1280–1281), Penny
Historical Note: Class 3g belongs to the early phase of Edward’s recoinage, showing the crisp portrait
style and consistent lettering that defined the 1279 reform.
Edward I – Penny (Class 4e), London Mint (1282–1289)
Mint: London
Obverse: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — Long cross pattée with trefoils of pellets Date: ND (1282–1289), Penny
Historical Note: Class 4e is part of the middle Edwardian series, showing subtle changes in portrait
style and lettering that help distinguish it from earlier 3‑series issues.
Edward I – Penny (Class 9a), London Mint (1299–1301)
Mint: London
Obverse: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — Long cross pattée with trefoils of pellets Date: ND (1299–1301), Penny
Historical Note: Class 9 pennies show subtle stylistic changes in the portrait and lettering, marking
the transition toward the later Edwardian issues.
Edward I – Penny (Class 10cf2), London Mint (1306–1307)
Mint: London
Obverse: EDWR ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — Long cross pattée with trefoils of pellets Date: ND (1306–1307), Penny
Reference:
Class 10cf2; Sp# 1411; North# 1041 Numista 324329
Historical Note: Class 10cf2 is one of the final issues of Edward I’s reign, showing the mature
portrait style that continued into the earliest coins of Edward II.
Edward I – Penny (Class 11), London Mint (1310–1314)
Mint: London
Obverse: EDWA R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — Long cross pattée with trefoils of pellets Date: ND (1310–1314), Penny
Reference:
Class 11; Sp# 1455; North# 1060 Numista 325289
Historical Note: Class 11 pennies overlap the end of Edward I’s reign and the beginning of Edward II’s,
making them an important transitional issue in the Edwardian series.
Edward I – Penny (Class 9b), Bristol Mint (1300–1302)
Mint: Bristol
Obverse: EDWR ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: VILL BRI STO LIE — “City of Bristol”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1300–1302), Penny
Reference:
Class 9b; Sp# 1408; North# 1037 Numista 324329
Historical Note: Bristol was one of the most active provincial mints during Edward’s recoinage.
Class 9b pennies show the evolving portrait style of the late Edwardian series.
Edward I – Penny (Class 5?), Canterbury Mint (1302–1310)
Mint: Canterbury
Obverse: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: VILL AOVI CAS TRI — “City of Canterbury”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1302–1310), Penny
Historical Note: Canterbury was one of the principal mints of the Edwardian series.
The exact class of this issue is debated, as some stylistic features overlap with both late 4‑series and early 5‑series dies.
Edward I – Penny (Class 10cf1), Canterbury Mint (1305–1306)
Mint: Canterbury
Obverse: EDWA R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: CIVITAS CANTOR — “City of Canterbury”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1305–1306), Penny
Reference:
Class 10cf1; Sp# 1410; North# 1040 Numista 324328
Historical Note: Class 10cf1 is part of the late Edwardian series, showing the mature portrait style
that bridges the final issues of Edward I and the earliest issues of Edward II.
Edward I – Penny (Class 10ab), Canterbury Mint (1301–1305)
Mint: Canterbury
Obverse: EDWAR R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: CIVI TAS CAN TOR — “City of Canterbury”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1301–1305), Penny
Historical Note: Class 10ab is one of the transitional Canterbury issues, showing the bifoliate crown
style typical of early 10‑series pennies.
Edward I – Penny (Class 4a), Bury St Edmunds Mint (1280–1281)
Mint: Bury St Edmunds
Obverse: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: ROBERTVS DE HADL' — “Robert de Hadeleie”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1280–1281), Penny
Historical Note: Bury St Edmunds was one of the most distinctive provincial mints of the Edwardian
series. Moneyer Robert de Hadeleie is well‑attested in the early 4‑series issues, and his coins often show slightly
different portrait engraving compared to the London dies.
Edward I – Penny (Class 8a), Bury St Edmunds Mint (1294–1299)
Mint: Bury St Edmunds
Obverse: EDWA R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: VILA SCI EDMVNDI — “Town of St Edmund”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1294–1299), Penny
Historical Note: Class 8a is a distinctive Bury St Edmunds issue, with its characteristic mint
signature referencing St Edmund, the martyred Anglo‑Saxon king whose shrine made the town a major pilgrimage centre.
Edward I – Penny (Class 10a), Newcastle Mint (1302–1310)
Mint: Newcastle
Obverse: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: VILL AOVI CAS TRI — “Town of Newcastle”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1302–1310), Penny
Historical Note: Newcastle was one of the northern mints active during the late Edwardian series.
Class 10a pennies show the mature portrait style typical of the early 14th century issues.
England – Edward II (1307–1327)
Edward II inherited the late Edwardian long‑cross coinage, which had already been in use for nearly thirty years. His early
pennies continue the Class 11 style of his father, Edward I, with only subtle differences in portrait engraving and
lettering. As a result, distinguishing the earliest Edward II issues relies heavily on die‑study and mint‑period
classification rather than legend changes. His reign saw no major coinage reform, and the long‑cross design remained
unchanged until the introduction of the Edward III florin coinage in 1344.
Details
Ruler
Image
Edward II – Penny (Class 11), London Mint (1310–1314)
Mint: London
Obverse: + EDW ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: + CIVI TAS LON DON — “City of London”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1310–1314), Penny
Historical Note: Early Edward II pennies are nearly indistinguishable from the final issues of
Edward I. Class 11 is transitional, and many dies were likely engraved by the same craftsmen working across both reigns.
England – Edward III (1327–1377)
The pennies of Edward III fall into three major phases: the Pre‑Treaty Coinage (1344–1361),
the Treaty Coinage (1361–1369), and the Post‑Treaty Coinage (1369–1377).
These divisions reflect political changes following the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, in which Edward III temporarily
renounced his claim to the French throne in exchange for sovereignty over his continental possessions.
Although this French claim appears only on higher denominations, the penny series follows the same classification system.
Details
Ruler
Image
Edward III – Penny (Pre‑Treaty), London Mint (1344–1351)
Mint: London
Obverse: + EDW ANGL DNS HYB — Crowned facing bust within beaded circle Reverse: + CIVI TAS LON DON — “City of London”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1344–1351), Penny
Reference:
(No catalogue reference provided)
Historical Note: This early issue belongs to the Pre‑Treaty coinage, struck during the height of the
Hundred Years’ War. The portrait style continues the late Edward II tradition but with sharper engraving and more
consistent lettering.
Edward III – Penny (Post‑Treaty), London Mint (1369–1377)
Mint: London
Obverse: EDWARDVS . REX . ANGLIE — Crowned facing bust with annulet on breast Reverse: CIVI / TAS / LON / DON — “City of London”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1369–1377), Penny
Reference:
Coincraft E31D, Series G
(Numista reference not confirmed)
Historical Note: The Post‑Treaty coinage reflects Edward’s renewed claim to the French throne after
hostilities resumed in 1369. The annulet on the king’s breast is a key diagnostic feature of this late series.
England – Richard II (1377–1399)
Richard II, known as Richard of Bordeaux, was the son of the Black Prince and grandson of Edward III. His pennies are
traditionally divided into several classes that reflect the political turbulence of his reign. The earliest issues were
struck as part of the great recoinage of 1377, replacing the worn late‑Edward III currency. Later issues show subtle changes
in portrait style and lettering, corresponding to periods of baronial opposition and political instability. Accusations of
mismanagement and debasement contributed to Richard’s downfall, culminating in his deposition in 1399 by Henry Bolingbroke
(Henry IV), his first cousin.
Details
Ruler
Image
Richard II – Penny, York Mint (1391–1396)
Mint: York
Obverse: +RICARDVS REX AnGLE — Crowned facing bust, pellets above shoulders Reverse: +CIVI TAS EBO RACI — “City of York”; long cross pattée with trefoils, quatrefoil in centre Date: ND (1391–1396), Penny
Historical Note: York was one of the principal provincial mints during Richard II’s reign.
The quatrefoil at the centre of the reverse cross is a key diagnostic feature of this issue, helping distinguish it
from contemporary London and Durham pennies.
England – Henry VI (1422–1461 & 1470–1471)
Henry VI ascended the throne as an infant and reigned during one of the most turbulent periods in English history. His
coinage reflects the political instability of the Wars of the Roses, with issues struck both during his long first reign
and his brief restoration in 1470–1471. The small denominations, such as halfpennies, continued the traditional long‑cross
design established in the 13th century, with only minor stylistic changes distinguishing them from earlier Plantagenet
issues. London remained the principal mint, producing large quantities of small silver to support everyday commerce during
a period of economic strain and civil conflict.
Details
Ruler
Image
Henry VI – Halfpenny, London Mint (1431–1432)
Mint: London
Obverse: + HENRIC REX ANGL — Crowned facing bust within inner circle Reverse: CIVITAS LONDON — “City of London”; long cross pattée with trefoils Date: ND (1431–1432), Halfpenny
Historical Note: Early Henry VI halfpennies closely follow the late Henry V style, with only subtle
differences in portrait engraving. These small denominations were essential for everyday transactions during the
economically strained early years of Henry’s minority government.
England – Henry VII (1485–1509)
Henry VII’s coinage marks the beginning of the Tudor monetary system. His early issues continued the late medieval
long‑cross style, but his reign also introduced clearer portraits, improved mint organisation, and greater consistency in
silver fineness. The half‑groat (two‑pence piece) was an important small denomination widely used in everyday commerce.
Canterbury was one of the principal provincial mints operating under episcopal authority, producing distinctive coins with
its own mint signature.
Details
Ruler
Image
Henry VII – Half‑Groat, Canterbury Mint (1493–1498)
Mint: Canterbury
Obverse: + hEnRIC DI GRA REX AnGL Z Fr — Crowned facing bust within tressure of arches Reverse: POSVI DEV A DIVTO R MEV / CIVI TAS CAn TOR — “I have made God my helper / City of Canterbury”;
long cross fourchée with trefoils Date: ND (1493–1498), Half‑Groat
Historical Note: Canterbury half‑groats of Henry VII are notable for their clear portrait style and
distinctive mint signature. The long cross fourchée design continued a tradition dating back to the 13th century, but
the lettering and tressure reflect the emerging Tudor aesthetic.
Cyprus – James I (1382–1398)
A striking feature of the coinage of James I of Cyprus is the frequent appearance of the lion passant guardant. This emblem
represents the Kingdom of Armenia, whose throne James claimed through his marriage to his cousin, the Armenian princess
Euphémie de Lusignan. His deniers perfectly illustrate the complex political identity of the Lusignan kings: the obverse
typically bears his name and a Latin cross, reflecting his Frankish Crusader heritage, while the reverse displays the
Armenian lion, asserting his dynastic claim to Armenia. Although the Armenian kingdom had fallen to the Mamluks in 1375,
James I and his successors continued to use the lion on their coinage as a symbolic assertion of legitimacy.
Details
Ruler
Image
James I – Denier (1382–1398)
Mint: Uncertain (Cyprus)
Obverse: + IAQVE REI . D — Cross with legend around Reverse: + IERV3m REI C — Armenian lion passant guardant Date: ND (1382–1398), Denier
Historical Note: The Armenian lion on the reverse is one of the most recognisable symbols of the
Lusignan kings of Cyprus. Its continued use long after the fall of the Armenian kingdom reflects the dynasty’s
determination to maintain its hereditary claims and prestige.
Spain, Castile and León – Fernando IV (1295–1312)
Fernando IV, known as “the Summoned,” inherited a kingdom facing severe financial strain. To raise funds quickly, he
authorised the mass production of the pepión, a low‑value billon coin. Its extremely small silver content and
enormous output led to rapid debasement and widespread inflation. Pepiones were typically crude in style and poorly struck,
yet they remain historically important as reflections of the economic pressures of late‑13th‑century Castile.
This example features the castle of Castile on the obverse and the lion of León on the reverse — the traditional emblems of
the united realms. Pepiones were struck at several mints, including Seville, Burgos, León, Toledo, and Córdoba.
Details
Ruler
Image
Fernando IV – Pepión (1295–1312)
Mint: Burgos
Obverse: F REX CASTELLE — “Fernando, King of Castile”; castle of Castile Reverse: +ET LEGIONIS — “and León”; lion of León Date: ND (1295–1312), Pepión
Historical Note: Pepiones of Fernando IV are among the most debased medieval Iberian issues.
Their crude fabric and low silver content reflect the kingdom’s financial crisis and the urgent need for circulating
small change during his troubled reign.
Spain, Castile and León – Henry IV (1471–1474)
The blanca of Henry IV is a classic example of late‑medieval Castilian debasement. Although the name “blanca”
means “white,” referring to silver, these coins contained almost none — their reddish tone betrays their extremely low
silver content. Minted in vast quantities to fund Henry’s costly wars and political struggles, the blanca contributed to
severe inflation and widespread economic instability. The design is crude and often poorly executed, with the castle of
Castile on the obverse and the lion of León on the reverse. These issues were struck at several mints, including Seville,
Toledo, Burgos, Ávila, and Cuenca, during the turbulent final years of Henry’s reign. His death and the ensuing succession
crisis paved the way for the rise of his half‑sister Isabella I, whose marriage to Ferdinand II would unite Spain.
Details
Ruler
Image
Henry IV – Blanca (1471–1474)
Mint: Uncertain (likely Seville, Toledo, Burgos, Ávila, or Cuenca)
Obverse: ENRICVS DEI GRA REX C — “Henry, King by the grace of God”; castle of Castile Reverse: XPS VINCIT XPS REGNAT — “Christ conquers, Christ reigns” (Laudes Regiae); lion of León Date: ND (1471–1474), Blanca
Historical Note: These late blancas are among the most debased Castilian issues. Their poor fabric,
low silver content, and crude execution reflect the financial collapse of Henry IV’s reign and the political turmoil
that ultimately led to the rise of Isabella I and the unification of Spain.
Hungary – Maria (1382–1385)
Maria inherited the Hungarian throne from her father, Louis I, at a young age. Her brief reign was marked by political
instability, rival claimants, and shifting alliances. The coinage of this period reflects that uncertainty: the quality
declined sharply from the well‑struck issues of her father, symbolising a monarchy whose authority was under constant
challenge.
This quarting (denar) was struck at the important royal mint of Nagybánya (modern Baia Mare, Romania), a major
centre of precious‑metal mining in Transylvania. The obverse shows a crown above a large “M,” the mintmark of Nagybánya.
The reverse features the Hungarian patriarchal cross — the double‑barred cross long associated with the Hungarian monarchy.
Details
Ruler
Image
Maria – Quarting (1382–1385)
Mint: Nagybánya (Baia Mare)
Obverse: +REGInE VnGARIE — “Maria, Queen of Hungary”; crown above mintmark “M” within pearl circle Reverse: +mOnETA mARIE — “Money of Maria”; patriarchal cross within pearl circle Date: ND (1382–1385), Quarting (Denar)
Historical Note: Coins of Maria’s reign are noticeably cruder than those of Louis I, reflecting the
political turmoil of the period. Despite this, the Nagybánya mint remained one of the most important in the kingdom,
producing large quantities of small silver for everyday commerce.
 1015-1036 +COMES CENOMANNIS +SIGNVM DEI VIVI 1.04g 20mm.jpg)
 1015-1036 +COMES CENOMANNIS +SIGNVM DEI VIVI 1.03g 19mm.jpg)
 LODOICVS - EGOLISSIME.jpg)
 Denier 1100-1300.jpg)
, Province de Bearn Duplessy 1241, Boudault 525.jpg)
.jpg)
 1307-1313. Denier Lepanto mint Malloy 111a.jpg)
.jpg)
 Group 4 London mint.jpg)
 1 Penny 1280 - 1281 Type 3d 1.5g.jpg)
